They were generally replaced by millstones once mechanised forms of milling appeared, particularly the water mill and the windmill, although animals were also used to operate the millstones.
Quern-stones have been used by numerous civilizations throughout the world to grind materials, the most important of which was usually grain to make flour for bread-making. Revolving beehive quern-stones and a saddlestone on display at Cliffe Castle Museum, in Keighley, West Yorkshire. One class of upper quern-stones has from two to three sockets for the rod used to turn them and this is thought to reflect the need to reduce wear and tear by having alternative points of contact when in active use. Most handstones have a handle hole on the upper surface, but one class of quern-stones have a slot handle which indicates that a piece of wood was placed horizontally and protruded out from the edge so that the operator could turn the stone by standing and using a rod vertically. The upper stone sometimes had a cup-shaped area around the hopper hole with a raised edge. Sometimes a millrind was present as a piece of wood (or other material), which allowed the cereal etc to be added but still acted as a centering device. Quern-stones are frequently identifiable by their grooved working surfaces which enabled the movement of flour. The upper stones were usually concave while the lower ones were convex. It helps support the project.An old Gaelic proverb is "The quern performs best when the grindstone has been pitted." Design of quern-stones If you are trying to get things like the latest version numbers or user agents for web browsers, please use our API instead of scraping the site. We're really sorry we had to do this, but we get so many badly behaved bots who absolutely slam our servers and ruin it for everyone else this is one of the ways we have to stop our servers getting completely overloaded :( Alternatively, our API will let you search the database, parse user agents, get version numbers and many other use ful things. You'll also be helping to support this website. It's extremely easy and quick to get a copy of user agents, parsed, categorised and with extra metadata. If you're trying to get a copy of all our user agents, please use our User Agent Database download. If you're operating a bot/crawler that's crawling our site, please stop! Each month we get ridiculous amounts of traffic from bots and crawlers which impacts the site for legitimate users and costs us more in hosting fees. If you think we've incorrectly banned you, please let us know via the Contact form and provide us with your IP address and any extra information about your activity on the site and we will review it. If you're a real person and not a bot, then we're very sorry for accidentally blocking you! We're always refining our security measures and would love to know about this. We've had to do this because we routinely get crawlers and bots overloading our system with page requests and something about your web requests on our site has tripped off our sensors. Unfortunately, our system has blocked your request for this page.
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